The official weather record for the city now comes from Denver International Airport, about 25 miles northeast of downtown by road and 5,434 feet above sea level. Its 1991-2020 normals put the average winter afternoon at 44.3 degrees and the average winter night at 17.8. That spread is the whole story of a January driveway: the surface freezes hard after sunset and climbs past 32 by early afternoon. Winter alone accounts for about 71 of the year's roughly 137 freeze-thaw days, fall adds about 30, and spring the remaining 36 or so. Harder cold arrives too, with 65 nights a year reaching 20 degrees or lower.
Dry air and thin air work together here. NCEI's cloud counts list about 115 clear days a year, 130 partly cloudy and 120 cloudy, which is why the state climatologist called the familiar 300-days-of-sunshine line misleading; it counts any day the sun appears for an hour. The clear days still do their damage, and the Colorado Climate Center notes that the thin atmosphere lets more solar radiation through. Afternoon relative humidity at the station averages 43 percent over a year and 35 percent in July, against 58 percent in St. Louis. Summer adds nearly 40 days a year at 90 degrees or hotter.
Under the pavement, parts of the metro sit on clay that swells when it gets wet. The Colorado Geological Survey traces the problem to montmorillonite, the clay in bentonite, and lists cracked driveways, cracked sidewalks and heaved roads among the damage; one Colorado interstate rose as much as a foot within six months of paving. A USGS study of a southwest-metro subdivision built over steeply tilted Pierre Shale found bentonite beds about 62 percent smectite that swelled 39 to 43 percent in the lab, and the pavements above them warped and cracked. NRCS even keeps a soil series named Denver: clay loam over clay, with slow to very slow permeability.
Denver counted 715,522 residents in the 2020 census on 153 square miles of land. American Community Survey estimates for 2019-2023 put the housing stock at 359,581 units, 40.5 percent of them detached single-family homes, and Census QuickFacts puts the owner-occupied rate at 48.8 percent. Age is spread unusually wide: 16.9 percent of units date from before 1940, about 27 percent from 1940 through 1969, and roughly 20 percent from 2010 on. For two decades the city grew outward rather than up; its population sat near 490,000 from 1960 to 1980 while its land area grew by about 40 square miles.
City streets are kept in better shape than many private driveways. A September 2026 budget presentation from the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure put the network pavement condition index at 73.4, with 82 percent of pavement rated fair or better, and the department planned more than 450 lane miles of milling and repaving for 2023, using asphalt from its own plant in the Central Park neighborhood. Alleys are the other half of the grid: about 1,400 asphalt-overlaid and nearly 2,500 concrete, both maintained by the city, plus fewer than 150 undedicated, unimproved ones. Changing a curb cut on a street needs transportation review; a driveway that meets an alley does not.
Winter operations shape what reaches a driveway. The city runs about 70 large plows on main streets and 36 pickup-mounted residential plows that go out when four to six inches is expected, making one pass down the middle of side streets, according to Westword's account of the program. Since the metro's cleanup of airborne particles, which the EPA credited in 2002, road crews have leaned on deicing liquids applied before storms and less sand. Sealant choice is left to owners: no coal-tar ban for Colorado, the city or its suburbs appears on the national ban lists, and USGS notes coal-tar products are more common east of the Continental Divide, which is where Denver sits.